History of the Apollo Program Essay -- space shuttle program apollo mi

We decide to go to the moon... I accept that this country ought to subscribe to accomplishing the objective, before this decade is out, of handling a man on the moon, and returning him, securely to the earth. No single space venture in this period will be progressively significant in the long-go investigation of room; and none will be so troublesome of costly to accomplish.(John F. Kennedy - Uncommon Joint Session of Congress, May 25th, 1961) With only a couple of words John F. Kennedy propelled perhaps the biggest undertaking that America has ever left upon. The location given to congress in May of 1961 put America in a race against Russia to see who could make it to the moon first. This was the beginning of the space program in America. From it came the Mercury Project with the objective to place the primary man into space. The Mercury venture propelled 26, rockets of which just six were kept an eye on flights. The Mercury program put the main American into space on February 20, 1962. John H. Glenn, Jr. was the primary American into space. He was the main man to circle the earth. A case that Yuri Gagarin, the main man in space (April 12, 1961),can't make. The Russians circled the earth in space yet not in circle. At the point when John Glenn took off in the Mercury-Atlas 6 rocket, named Friendship 7, he left a mark on the world. It was less then one year after the test of John F. Kennedy to put a man on the moon. The flight went on for just 04 hours, 55 minutes and 23 seconds. Still in that brief timeframe John Glenn circumvented earth multiple times, and turned into an American saint. The Mercury venture was done with the dispatch of the Mercury-Atlas 9 rocket, named Faith 7, propelled May 15,1963. Confidence 7 held just a single traveler, L. Gordon Cooper, Jr.. He went through 34 hours, 19 minutes, ... ...furthermore, at this moment last record. They additionally accumulated 234 pounds (110.4kg) of material structure the moon. There was additionally the presentation of the trans-Earth EVA that was finished by Ronald Evans it endured 01 hour, 06 minutes. With the sprinkle down of the Apollo XVII module our days on the moon finished. The last time that a man strolled on the moon I was not conceived. There has not been a trip to the moon for more than 30 years. I for one feel this is a genuine disaster. I have seen it composed that if the Apollo program had kept on accepting subsidizing as it had in the mid 70’s we would have a base on the moon. In the event that so we would have unmanned lunar Modules to carry supplies to the moon. These might be dreams however as somebody that has experienced childhood in the space age I feel that we could accomplish these fantasies on the off chance that we truly needed to. I trust that sometime in the not so distant future, before I am to old, we come back to the moon.

How to Calculate Backgammon Probabilities

Step by step instructions to Calculate Backgammon Probabilities Backgammon is a game that utilizes the utilization of two standard dice.â The bones utilized in this game are six-sided 3D shapes, and the essences of a bite the dust have one, two, three, four, five or six pips. During a turn in backgammon a player may move their checkers or drafts as indicated by the numbers appeared on the bones. The numbers rolled can be part between two checkers, or they can be totaled and utilized for a solitary checker. For instance, when a 4 and a 5 are rolled, a player has two choices: he may move one checker four spaces and another five spaces, or one checker can be moved an aggregate of nine spaces. To plan procedures in backgammon it is useful to know some essential probabilities. Since a player can utilize a couple of bones to move a specific checker, any computation of probabilities will remember this. For our backgammon probabilities, we will respond to the inquiry, â€Å"When we move two shakers, what is the likelihood of rolling the number n as either a total of two bones, or on in any event one of the two dice?† Computation of the Probabilities For a solitary bite the dust that isn't stacked, each side is similarly prone to land face up. A solitary pass on structures a uniform example space. There are an aggregate of six results, comparing to every one of the whole numbers from 1 to 6. In this way each number has a likelihood of 1/6 of happening. At the point when we move two bones, each kick the bucket is free of the other. In the event that we maintain track of the control of what number happens on every one of the shakers, at that point there are an aggregate of 6 x 6 36 similarly likely results. In this manner 36 is the denominator for the entirety of our probabilities and a specific result of two bones has a likelihood of 1/36. Moving At Least One of a Number The likelihood of moving two shakers and getting in any event one of a number from 1 to 6 is direct to figure. In the event that we wish to decide the likelihood of moving at any rate one 2 with two shakers, we have to know what number of the 36 potential results incorporate in any event one 2. The methods of doing this are: (1, 2), (2, 2), (3, 2), (4, 2), (5, 2), (6, 2), (2, 1), (2, 3), (2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6) Consequently there are 11 different ways to move at any rate one 2 with two shakers, and the likelihood of moving in any event one 2 with two bones is 11/36. There is nothing extraordinary around 2 in the previous conversation. For some random number n from 1 to 6: There are five different ways to roll precisely one of that number on the first die.There are five different ways to roll precisely one of that number on the second die.There is one approach to roll that number on both shakers. In this way there are 11 different ways to move at any rate one n from 1 to 6 utilizing two bones. The likelihood of this happening is 11/36. Rolling a Particular Sum Any number from two to 12 can be gotten as the total of two shakers. The probabilities for two bones are marginally progressively hard to compute. Since there are various approaches to arrive at these aggregates, they don't shape a uniform example space. For example, there are three different ways to roll a total of four: (1, 3), (2, 2), (3, 1), yet just two different ways to roll a total of 11: (5, 6), (6, 5). The likelihood of rolling a whole of a specific number is as per the following: The likelihood of rolling a whole of two is 1/36.The likelihood of rolling an aggregate of three is 2/36.The likelihood of rolling an entirety of four is 3/36.The likelihood of rolling a total of five is 4/36.The likelihood of rolling a total of six is 5/36.The likelihood of rolling a total of seven is 6/36.The likelihood of rolling a total of eight is 5/36.The likelihood of rolling a total of nine is 4/36.The likelihood of rolling a total of ten is 3/36.The likelihood of rolling a total of eleven is 2/36.The likelihood of rolling a total of twelve is 1/36. Backgammon Probabilities Finally we have all that we have to ascertain probabilities for backgammon. Moving in any event one of a number is fundamentally unrelated from moving this number as an aggregate of two shakers. Consequently we can utilize the option rule to include the probabilities together for getting any number from 2 to 6. For instance, the likelihood of moving in any event one 6 out of two bones is 11/36. Rolling a 6 as a total of two bones is 5/36. The likelihood of moving in any event one 6 or rolling a six as a total of two bones is 11/36 5/36 16/36. Different probabilities can be determined likewise.

Meltdown

Meltdown This next week and a half promises to be electrifying. We’re on the brink of an epic hurricane, a Presidential election, and either the most disappointing or the spookiest Halloween ever. But right now I’m going to talk about me, about MIT, and about why I haven’t talked to you in a month. Toward the end of September I became noticeably stressed out. I stopped talking to people, I stopped cleaning my room, and I got very lonely. It culminated in an hour-long cry session after a benign meeting with my biology professor about a class presentation. “Cory,” I said to my boyfriend, “nobody loves me.” “Nonsense,” he replied, “I love you.” “I want to go home,” I said. “My mommy loves me.” Then I watched an episode of America’s Next Top Model and felt better. America’s Next Top Model makes everything better. “Have I always been this crazy?” I asked Cory. “Well,” he said, “you’ve always been a little crazy. It’s only recently that you’ve become comprehensively insane.” That afternoon I went to S^3. “I think I’ve gone insane,” I said. I have a fantastic dean at S^3. Last year, I also came in feeling overwhelmed. We spent the half hour appointment talking about personal genomics and when I left I felt perfectly fine. This time, it took about three minutes for him to identify a medication I’ve been on that sometimes causes emotional instability. Two days later I had a procedure at MIT Medical to replace the medication. It was the most physically painful experience I’ve had. It stretched to four hours and left me nonfunctional for the next three days, and then it was over. The next week was my primary hell week of the term. It was doubled by the work I had to make up from the previous week and I did not do much other than study. There were lots of naps and not enough sleep, and there was a lot of frozen food. I stopped talking to people again. I stopped cleaning my room. I missed my dorm’s annual apple picking event. I got very lonely and I started to wonder if I’ll ever retain enough information about the world to contribute to our understanding of it. After my final all-nighter I woke up to someone waddling down the alley below my window and swearing angrily. I went to lab, had a conversation with my supervisor about grad school and grades and my future in the lab, and stumbled home crying in the theatrically-placed light rain. When I got home, I broke. I turned into a spiky blob of yelling and crying, completely freaked out my poor boyfriend, drank some cold water, and fell asleep. Friday evening I went to visit my high school friend Eric at Tufts. My dad tells me that when he and my mom were at PhysTech, the Russian counterpart to MIT, he went out to Moscow on weekends just to see other faces. There’s something about seeing the same people every day, and all of us with similar problems, and seeing your particular misery reflected back at you everywhere you look. Visiting Tufts was like inhaling after holding my breath. The people I met were beautiful. They were relaxed, they were happy, and they didn’t have bags under their eyes. There was a spark, an extra degree of freedom, a young, harmonious vitality. The people around me were spending Friday experimental baking or jazz dancing until the AM hours. I didn’t see anyone studying. They were just having fun, and they were doing it guilt-free and not under the guise of putting off homework. There was something exciting and completely unpredictable about the situation: we might bake! we might dance! we might run out into the cold without our coats! It felt good to talk with someone completely new, and it felt good to be the nerdy one again. We walked through vast lawns, past trees and scattered red brick houses with white columns. The buildings looked warm and inviting and none of them looked weird. For once, I didn’t want weird. The cold wind bit through my sweater, and the sting felt tangible in a way I hadn’t felt in a while. “Why don’t you transfer out?” Eric asked. “Why would I do that?” We stopped on top of the library to look at the Boston skyline in the distance. The roof was lined with trees and a path of white arches, which looked like they should have grape vines or roses. It was quiet, except for the occasional airplane. I wondered if I could pick out the Green Building in the distance. “I think I understand you,” Eric said, “I understand your priorities.” “And what are my priorities?” “You’re willing to maintain your mental health to the extent that it helps you be a good biologist. You’re willing to stay happy to the extent that it helps you be a good biologist.” When I got home that night, Cory and I sat down on his bed and talked about how miserable we both were. Something needed to change. Anything. We decided to break up. Half an hour later he came up to my room to collect his Lord of the Rings Legos. “You forgot your spider,” I said, gesturing toward Shelob, who was hanging by his string from my bedframe. He unhooked the spider and folded its legs in, one my one, slowly. “I’m making it more compact,” he said. He wound the string up. “The extra pieces are in the top shelf on my desk,” I said. I sat down at my desk, pulled the shelf out, and handed it to him. I picked his sweatpants up from on top of my dresser and handed those to him too. He wrapped his Legos in his pants, folded them carefully, and got up by my chair. He looked around the room slowly, avoiding my eyes, and stepped closer to the door. We stared at each other without making eye contact for a few minutes. “I don’t think I want to do this,” he finally said. “Me neither,” I responded. And we didn’t. (Cory agreed to let me post this on the condition that the money I get for this blog post goes toward Legos. “This building is 16+. Are you sure we can handle it?” “Yes. Were only emotionally immature. Luckily we don’t build Legos with our feelings.”) The next morning I went to Artist and Craftsman in Central Square and bought a new pencil sharpener, masking fluid, three erasers, mixed media paper, and three small brushes. I stopped by Shaw’s and bought apples, sharpened all my colored pencils, and spent the rest of the day coloring. There was no swooping deus ex machina: not the operation, not Tufts, not the pencils, not the apples, not Legos, not boyfriends or the lack thereof. I hit the average on my exams, my supervisor ingenuously dreamt up my original life plan and presented it to me last week, and I’m still behind on work. I’m trying to take it day by day, problem by problem, line by line. I’m calling my family more often, watching TV every now and then, and trying not to say no to opportunities to go outside. I’m trying to get nine hours of sleep a night, even if there’s work to do. I don’t think many people understand what we mean when we say that MIT is hard. It’s not just the workload. There’s this feeling that no matter how hard you work, you can always be better, and as long as you can be better, you’re not good enough. You’re a slacker, you’re stupid, and MIT keeps an overflowing warehouse of proof in the second basement of building 36. There’s stress and there’s shame and there’s insecurity. Sometimes there’s hope. Sometimes there’s happiness. Sometimes there’s overwhelming loneliness. There’s something to giving everything and always falling short. Eventually we’ll walk out with a deep understanding of our fields, a fantastic tolerance for failure and late nights, and raised expectations for ourselves and for humankind. Someday, we’ll look back on these four years as the best years of our lives and the foundations of the kinds of friendships that can only be formed with some suffering. But right now, IHTFP. Sometimes it feels like MIT drags your self-esteem over a jagged, gravely rockface and stretches your happiness, your mental health, and the passion and energy that brought you here like an old rubber band. I love this place. I love the amazing people I’ve met, I love watching myself grow as a scientist and a writer, and I love being engulfed in the heart of scientific progress and passion and feeling like I belong. At the same time I’m miserable, sometimes. IHTFP is the middle of the semester, when the lounges off the Infinite Corridor fill up with sleeping people, when I don’t leave the dorm except to go to class or to lab, when I can’t go apple picking because I’m hosed, and when the faces around me reflect my own anxiety. IHTFP is studying my butt off to hit the average, crying about my grades, and then helping a freshman with his homework and realizing how much better I’ve become at patiently disentangling a challenge. MIT is paradise. I cry sometimes. I love it here. My only consolation is that the salt in my tears will squelch any unsuspecting plants they land on. It’s beautiful. Thats right, unsuspecting Killian Court grass, wither. I wouldn’t want to be anywhere else.

Frankenstein by Mary Shelley - 1093 Words

Ever since man evolved, technology has been improving. There has also been the debate of whether these improvements are necessary, harmful, or important. Some can argue that these advancements can be harmful, and that technology is moving faster than man can contend with. That argument is the premises, moral, and plot base for Mary Shelleys tale Frankenstein. On the other hand, J. Michael Bishops, essay Enemies of Promise   on the other hand promotes and boast sciences achievements. However, Mary Shelley presents her point of view subtly yet very dramatically, which is much more effective than that of J. Michael Bishop. The dramatic story Shelley creates becomes a part of the reader, therefore holding the readers attention. Shelleys essay is less concrete therefore wont bore the reader. Shelleys essay is also more effective, because she shows the effect of science and technology and how it can be harmful, rather than just presenting the idea that it may be harmful and just letting the readers ponder at that. Shelley guides the reader through the error and harm that the monster and Victor Frankenstein have created. In Mary Shelleys Frankenstein   the advancements of technology and its negative affect on humanity is the key role in the progression in the story. In Frankenstein   Victor Frankenstein uses advancements in technology to create animation, which at the beginning seems like it can only be helpful. In the end however, Frankenstein realizes what a mistake heShow MoreRelatedFrankenstein, By Mary Shelley1650 Words   |  7 Pagesbook of Frankenstein does one just think of a mythical science fiction book that really has no meaning? Frankenstein can have numerous meanings depending on how a person perceives it. Frankenstein can be analyzed into many themes; some say religion, feminism, or scientific symbolization, it all depends on ones own perception. When one analyzes further into Mary Shelly’s life and then interprets the novel it is obvious that is a sociological theme. One can simply assume that Mary Shelley creates FrankensteinRead MoreMary Shelley Frankenstein859 Words à ‚  |  4 Pages Mary Shelley The Creature in Mary Shelley’s â€Å"Frankenstein or the Modern Prometheus† needs a companionship as every ordinary human. Every man needs a woman, who will able to share moments of happiness and sadness, a woman who will be able to share thoughts and of course a woman who will be able to love a man. In this case the Creature needs a bride. But the problem is that the Creature from the â€Å"Frankenstein or the Modern Prometheus† is not a human. SoRead MoreFrankenstein, by Mary Shelley1138 Words   |  5 PagesIs Frankenstein a man, whose ambition led to a disaster; or a monster, which created a life with disregard for the human race? Frankenstein, in my opinion, was the monster not the life that he had created. Frankenstein never admitted to his family what he had done, never admitted responsibility for his actions. He might as well have killed Elizabeth, William, Justine, and Clerval with his own hand. The so called â€Å"Monster† only wanted companionship; he did not want to murder those people. TheRead MoreFrankenstein, By Mary Shelley1325 Words   |  6 PagesI have been informed that you are pushing to remove the book Frankenstein by Mary Shelley from the school curriculum. I’ve decided to write to you and explain why I believe that you are misinformed, and in fact, why this is a huge importance to the students of today. Frankenstein is a classic which recounts the life and horrors of Victor Frankenstein, as told through a series of letters and narrations. His obsession with the natural world and science brings him to a state of mind which ultimatelyRead MoreFrankenstein, By Mary Shelley1580 Words   |  7 PagesFrankenstein by Mary Shelley is a sci-fi novel written during the Romantic Movement in Britain’s early nineteenth century. The movement was stimulated by the French Revolution, Industrial Revolution and in reaction against the emphasis on reason in eighteenth-century Enlightenment philosophy (The Romantic Movement, 2014 ). Mary Shelley’s husband, Percy Shelley was also a romantic poet during the movement. Shelley’s novel is evidently influenced by her relationship with her husband, which is illustratedRead MoreFrankenstein by Mary Shelley739 Words   |  3 Pagesinterconnections of humanity, nature, and divinity (â€Å"Romanticism 1†). English Romanticism being trendy in Europe, people would vent their outlooks onto their personal fiction works such as Mary Shelley. Shelley uses vivid creativity and romantic elements to create one of her admired novels, Frankenstein. In Shelley’s novel, Frankenstein, most of the characters prove their compassion for mankind, prove their rejection of technology and science, and prove their involvement in a romantic quest. These several characteristicsRead MoreFrankenstein, By Mary Shelley1040 Words   |  5 Pages In 1818, a book titled Frankenstein was published anonymously, mysteriously dedicated to William Godwin, a prominent journal ist and political philosopher of his time. The immediate reviews of the novel were mixed, most edging towards critical, although no one knew who the book was written by. However, while Frankenstein failed to gain popularity immediately, no one had any idea the lasting impact this novel would have on the world. Despite the lukewarm reception at its debut, it soon proved to beRead MoreFrankenstein, by Mary Shelley1078 Words   |  5 PagesMary Shelley’s Frankenstein has undoubtedly withstood the test of time. Frankenstein’s direct association with fundamental Gothic literature is extremely renowned. However, the novel’s originality is derived from the foundational thematic values found within the relationship (or lack there of) between Victor Frankenstein and the monster he had created, in combination with a fascinatingly captivating plot. Understandably, Frankenstein can often be associated with a multitude of concepts; however,Read MoreFrankenstein, By Mary She lley1532 Words   |  7 PagesLike any author, especially one who created a new genre, there will be criticism, and Shelley is no exception. Shelley received criticism surrounding Frankenstein not only because she was a female writer, but because of her writing style. Originally, Frankenstein was published anonymously and was thought that her husband, Percy Shelley, wrote it (â€Å"Mary Shelley Biography† 2016). Shelley may have published Frankenstein anonymously because â€Å"’women understood that they got a â€Å"better hearing† if it was thoughtRead MoreFrankenstein by Mary Shelley1223 Words   |  5 Pagesto have multiple narrators telling a story? In Mary Shelley’s gothic novel, Frankenstein, three main narrators tell the story about the creation of a monster and the events that follow. The job of narrator shifts between Robert Walton, Victor Frankenstein, and the monster that Victor creates. As each narrator shares his own recollection of the ev ents that occurred, new facts are introduced to put the pieces of the puzzle together. Although Frankenstein uses multiple narrators to tell the story, it

Substance Drug Use And Alcohol Understanding Their...

Informed Consent Form Alcohol, Drugs and Sex: Understanding their Intersectionality among Men who have Sex with Men What is a research study? A research study is when scientists try to answer a question about something that we don’t know enough about. Participating may not help you or others. People volunteer to be in a research study. The decision about whether or not to take part is totally up to you. This consent form gives you information about the study. It tells you about the purposes, risks, and benefits of this research study. You can also agree to take part now and later change your mind. Whatever you decide is okay. It will not affect you in any way. For questions about this survey please call the survey hotline at the†¦show more content†¦Who is doing the study: The principal investigator, Brooke Wyatt, is in charge of this study and can be reached at the number above. We hope to reach approximately 1,000 people across the NYC region. What will be done: You will complete a survey, which will take 30-40 minutes to complete. The survey includes questions about your sexual and substance use history. Other survey questions will address your perceptions of your sexuality, the quantity and quality of your relationships, the availability of these opportunities and your perceptions of sex and substance use in general. We also will ask for some demographic information (e.g., age, race, ethnicity, income, occupation, education and sexual identity) so that we can accurately describe the general traits of those who participate in the study. Your participation in this research study is expected to last until you receive your compensation for the study. Risks or discomforts: Possible risk associated with the study procedures are listed below. There may also be risks that are not known. If you feel uncomfortable with a question, you can skip that question or withdraw from the study altogether. If you decide to quit at any time before you have finished the questionnaire, your answers will NOT be recorded. Confidentiality There always exists the potential for loss of private information; however, there are procedures in place to

Women(KAFA) Free Essays

In the Ad they are showing the effects of verbal abuse on women. They are trying to do something about it and raise awareness to all form of abuse, which is not always physical. They are showing a place where women can go to, someone who would help and do something about it. We will write a custom essay sample on Women(KAFA) or any similar topic only for you Order Now Most of the women don’t talk about being abused because they are afraid of the disgrace. The women are being abused because of the Idea that men have that once they are married to them they became their property; they get to do whatever they want to do to them. KAFA are trying to enlighten the people and let them getting a little bit wiser about women’s rights and they are now going to help abused women. All what women have to do Is to call them and tell what she is suffering from. The tone they are using here serious, because this situation is becoming all over the place and no one seems to bat an eye about, shocking; because this abuse will live for many years with the woman and hunt her down and spoils every moment of happiness that she ever dreamt of having and that could to lead hem to commit suicide. With KAFA they don’t have to suffer in silence they will give them help. KAFA Is looking for a better society where all Its citizens live free of violence and where they have equality. In general KAFA started to make these Ads to spot the light on certain behaviors in our culture. They are trying to get us on track to recognize women’s rights. One factor Is that women are considered some kind of slave for the men desires. Another factor is that the women role is shortened as an indoor role only. However, woman is an ffective fgure in society she could do any thing as better as men. The biggest factor that led to this campaign Is the Arab Spring; after what happened In the region has opened the eyes wide open to see that we are In the phase of changing. Therefore; women became part of the Arab Spring and now they have central role in that transition. In KSA women now have the right tovote In Saudi parliament that only means one thing, which is we are at the doorstep of new era of a democratic world. All of these factors helped to create this organization to increase awareness of Women’s rights. The main thing KAFA Is trying to advocacy and builds awareness of women’s status and issues in our region, for a better tomorrow with equality. This organization is all about having a better society with no violence and women slavery. This civil society organization Is looking to mitigate the causes and results of violence and exploitation of women through advocacy and lobbying. The message for women in this Ad is you dont have to suffer from verbal abuse or any other kind; we are here to get you out of the gutter. Dont stay In the shade come to the bright side. I nls AO was a consequence 0T wnat Is nappenlng lately In tne region, wnlcn Is tne Arab Spring. All of the Arab countries that suffered from dictatorship are now up against their regimes. It is started from Tunisia all the way to Yemen. The people are claiming their rights, democracy and fair elections etc. Several countries from the region are undergoing fundamental transitions, including holding elections, making new Constitutions, new laws and establishing mechanisms for transitional Justice. The outcome and the results of these processes are critical and very sensitive for the rights of women and their status in the new era of democracy. The Arab uprising has empowering women to claim a wider and larger presence and role in the public, and that is a revolutionary thing, and that is a good thing to exclude the decades of gender stereotyping. The position of the women has been difficult. In 2002 the first Arab Human Development Report cited the lack of women’s rights is caused of, lack of political freedoms and poor education, that hampered the region’s progress. Nowadays, Women and men are seeking human rights, Justice and equality after decades of dictatorship. That thing yielded of making companies who afraid of excluding women from the revolution because the revolution impact on women still unclear. Most of the people in the revolution are hoping this revolution will boosts women’s rights, but the outcome still didn’t match up their expectations. Some Islamic-extremes parties that have been raised to the authorities are considered as a threat to women’s rights. In these rough days women is playing a very important role n the revolution. In Libya women smuggled medicine, weapon all of that Just to help the rebels and prove that they are helpful and could be an important part in their revolution. Even now while the situation still raging some people start a revolution inside of revolution all that Just to keep women’s rights within the aims of the main revolution. KAFA made these Ads to spot the light on women abusing. It is not same any more the abusing is not physical it took another shapes nowadays; it became verbal, insulting women with hurtful words. Therefore; they are trying show what they are fighting for and it’s a thing people should be up against the same as the dictatorship regime. A lot of doubt that the women case will remain the same as it was before because men are looking for their own sake. Consequently; organizations all around the region including KAFA are making people aware to not forget women in our revolution and that we are standing for the same case and it is a chance to write a new chapter in our history of freedom and equality with no sexism and gender stereotyping. Eventually stop women abusing. How to cite Women(KAFA), Papers

Analysis of Jarred Diamonds Collapse free essay sample

With Jarred Diamonds book â€Å"Collapse† in focus for this report, written for the course â€Å"Intercultural Competence and Cross-Cultural Research†, his theories on why civilizations perish are discussed and compared to other facts that contradict stated in the book. Hypothesis Is the Diamond theory always proven in different cases of perished societies and can it be applied on future outcomes? Method The focus of our sources has been from the book, Collapse, by the author Jared Diamond. Other sources have been from the internet to find different point of views than those of Diamond.Emma Hamilton has covered the first part, Past, Attila Bodor has written about Chinas present and future and Maria Shishmanova has written about the neighboring countries Haiti and the Dominican Republic. All three have written the final summary and conclusion. Background The Diamond Hypothesis Jared Diamond was born in 1937 and is an American scientist and author. He has a history in ecology, ornithology, pysology, biophysics, geography and his popular science books are known to be a mix of these sources he has studied. We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of Jarred Diamonds Collapse or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Diamond wrote the book â€Å"Collapse- How societies choose to fail or succeed† in 2005 and is in the book focusing more on the ecological facts on why societies have fallen instead of the more typical historical and cultural reasons to explain failure. (Wikipedia, 2010) By the word collapse, Diamond means a drastic decrease in population size or drastic changes in the complexity of the society politics or economic situation or social structure. This is also defined to be over a larger area and during an extended period of time.This is to be differed from minor power shifts such a small rises or falls, usually connected to a neighbors linked and opposite fall or rise, and smaller reformations of for example the social or political structure. (Diamond, 2005) The Diamond Hypothesis works with a five point framework, buy explaining 5 different reasons why society falls: 1. Environmental damage explained by fragility, how vulnerability the area is to damage and of resilience, t he potential for the area to recover from damage. These are both considered, by both human impact or by natural occurrence. . Climate change, only dealing with natural changes, which could make it either better or worse for the society. 3. Hostile neighbors, how well the society could can hold off enemies, when the community was weakened, either by health or society changes, it could be hard to fight off enemies 4. Friendly trade partners, neighbors who supported each other and less support from friendly neighbors could lead to a dramatic change and disaster. 5. The society’s response to the four explained threats, both environmental and other problems.A society’s response depends on its political, economic and social institutions and on its cultural values. But response to what was going on is very important for survival of the civilization. Diamond focuses strongly on the fifth theory, stating that a civilization â€Å"chooses† to survive or perish by dealing with the situation they are in. (Diamond, 2005) Results Past The Mayan Society The Mayan remains are popular tourist attractions and attractive archeology sites, not just because of their mystery and beauty but also because these findings are pure archeological sites, left intact with no other city built on top of the remains.The Mayan civilization was located in Mexico, Yucatan Peninsula and Central America. (Diamond, 2005) The area has two different seasons, with a seasonal rainforest and a seasonal dry period, sometimes more similar to a seasonal desert. The rain season lasts from May until October but the rainfall, as today, varied a lot over years. The southern part of the peninsula got more rain and this was one of the reasons why it was more productive agriculturally and supported a larger population. The farmers faced crop failure from many natural disasters, such as drought and hurricanes.Even today the farmers have many agricultural problems in the area and the Mayans are considered to be more skilled. Even though the south gets more rainfall there is water issues there as well. The lens of freshwater lies under the peninsula and surface elevation is higher in the north which means that the land surface is higher in the south, to high above the water table. In the north, the water was supplied by digged water wells or which could be up to 75feet deep. In the south, the water was too hard to reach because of the surface elevation.The civilizations build are although not found next to rivers, but on promontories in rolling uplands. They digged and plugged up leaks by plastering the foundation and in that way collected rain to spare for dry season. For example, the city of Tinkal, had a water reserve that would last for 18 months supplying 10  000 people. In Coba, they built dikes round a lake to raise the water level. These reserves could supply the inhabitants with water but could not help the fact that grains needed rain water that was more than the reservoirs could offer. Diamond, 2005) Corn was 70% of and the basis of the Mayan diet, other domestic animals was dog, turkey and Muscovy duck. Other meat sources were wild meat and fish. There was low meat available and t was really only luxury food for the elite. The agriculture technique was long thought to be a slash and burn technique, but later scientists have realized that the Mayans must have used something else because the production was larger than what slash and burn methods could supply. Methods they were using was for example terracing hill slopes to maintain moist soil, arranging water channels and draining or raising fields.As is many societies the Mayan agriculture system could be split in two, those who produce and those who don’t but the Mayan only produced twice their own families’ needs. Food sources where limited as corn has little protein and there was a limitation of other crops. Not being able to store, because of the humid climate was also a problem; corn could only be kept for 1 year. All work done in the Mayan society was done by human power, because there was no animal big or strong enough to do the job. This did not only affect the agriculture sector, but also the military campaigns and transport sector.For example, to transport food, the person walking would eat more than he could transport. This is also believed to be one of the reasons the Mayans where not unified to a greater community but stayed in smaller kingdoms. (Diamond, 2005) The archeological sites were rediscovered in 1839 by John Stephens and Frederick Catherwood, who had heard rumors of ruins hidden in the area. They ended up finding 44 different locations of Mayan ruin towns. One thing surprising them was that the remains they found were from a high civilization and not just primitive leavings that they expected to find. Diamond, 2005) Typical for the Mesoamerica region the Mayans had a Native American culture and a very well developed society. Pottery was important and the Mayans are also famous for their writings. But all preserved ancient writings are about kings and nobles, nothing about the commoners. The scripts were written on bark paper coated in plaster. The Mayans hade many writings but there is only 4 surviving manuscripts, one of them being the well-known Long Count Calendar, since the Spanish Bishop Diego de Landa ordered all of them to be burned to eliminate paganism.